Development and validation of the ‘Lebender emoticon PANAVA’ scale (LE-PANAVA) for digitally measuring positive and negative activation, and valence via emoticons
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Highlights
• ‘Experience Sampling Method’ (ESM) requires short and validated non-verbal scales.
• The non-verbal ‘Lebender Emoticon PANAVA’ scale (LE-PANAVA) is presented.
• LE-PANAVA captures positive and negative activation (PA/NA), and valence (VA).
• LE-PANAVA is available for future ESM research and practical application.
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Abstract
Positive and negative activation (PA/NA) represent two general activation systems of affect that are of importance for studying personality.
Hereby, many studies focus on state assessment of PA and NA in everyday situations, using the ‘Experience Sampling Method’ (ESM) performed via mobile devices.
ESM studies require short, reliable and validated non-verbal scales for immediate and fast capturing of personality and situation characteristics.
In this study we present the non-verbal ‘Lebender Emoticon PANAVA’ scale (LE-PANAVA), consisting of five items capturing PA, NA, and valence (VA).
LE-PANAVA is based on the 10-item verbal PANAVA-KS scale developed by Schallberger (2005).
The development of LE-PANAVA consisted of a three step process: The graphical development and selection of a set of emoticons (study 1), the validation of the set of emoticons and corresponding adjustments to the scale (study 2), and validation of the final scale (study 3).
We conclude from the results that LE-PANAVA captures the two factors PA and NA, but are aware that they are closely interrelated.
Additional to LE-PANAVA, an ultra-short version was derived, that is, a forced choice 2 × 2 matrix of emoticons – the ‘Lebender Emoticon PANA Matrix’ (LE-PANA-M). Both LE-PANAVA and LE-PANA-M are available for future research and practical application.
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Keywords
Positive activation, Negative activation, Valence, PANAVA, Emoticon, Experience sampling method (ESM)
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886920301124
